Type Microcontroller

Type Microcontroller

See additionally: List of basic microcontrollers

Starting 2008 there are a few dozen microcontroller architectures and sellers including:

• ARM center processors (numerous merchants) 
• ARM Cortex-M centers are particularly focused on towards microcontroller applications 
• Atmel AVR (8-bit), Avr32 (32-bit), and At91sam (32-bit) 
• Cypress Semiconductor's M8c Core utilized as a part of their Psoc (Programmable System-on-Chip) 
• Freescale Coldfire (32-bit) and S08 (8-bit) 
• Freescale 68hc11 (8-bit) 
• Intel 8051 
• Infineon: 8-bit Xc800, 16-bit Xe166, 32-bit Xmc4000 (ARM based Cortex M4f), 32-bit Tricore and, 32-bit Aurix Tricore Bit microcontrollers[12] 
• MIPS 
• Microchip Technology PIC, (8-bit Pic16, Pic18, 16-bit dspic33/ Pic24), (32-bit Pic32) 
• NXP Semiconductors Lpc1000, Lpc2000, Lpc3000, Lpc4000 (32-bit), Lpc900, Lpc700 (8-bit) 
• Parallax Propeller 
• Powerpc ISE 
• Rabbit 2000 (8-bit) 
• Renesas Electronics: Rl78 16-bit MCU; RX 32-bit MCU; Superh; V850 32-bit MCU; H8; R8c 16-bit MCU 
• Silicon Laboratories Pipelined 8-bit 8051 Microcontrollers and blended sign ARM-based 32-bit microcontrollers 
• Stmicroelectronics Stm8 (8-bit), St10 (16-bit) and Stm32 (32-bit) 
• Texas Instruments TI Msp430 (16-bit) C2000 (32-bit) 
• Toshiba TLCS-870 (8-bit/16-bit). 

Numerous others exist, some of which are utilized as a part of extremely slender scope of uses or are more like applications processors than microcontrollers. The microcontroller business is amazingly divided, with various merchants, advances, and markets. Note that numerous sellers offer or have sold various architectures.

Features Microcontroller

Features Microcontroller

Microcontrollers generally contain from a few to many universally useful info/yield pins (GPIO). GPIO pins are programming configurable to either a data or a yield state. At the point when GPIO pins are designed to an info state, they are regularly used to peruse sensors or outer signs. Designed to the yield state, GPIO pins can drive outer gadgets, for example, Leds or engines. 

Numerous inserted frameworks need to peruse sensors that create simple signs. This is the motivation behind the simple to-computerized converter (ADC). Since processors are fabricated to translate and procedure advanced information, i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not ready to do anything with the simple flag that may be sent to it by a gadget. So the simple to computerized converter is utilized to change over the approaching information into a structure that the processor can perceive. A less normal gimmick on a few microcontrollers is a computerized to-simple converter (DAC) that permits the processor to yield simple signs or voltage levels. 

Notwithstanding the converters, numerous inserted microchips incorporate a mixture of clocks too. A standout amongst the most widely recognized sorts of clocks is the Programmable Interval Timer (PIT). A PIT might either tally down from some quality to zero, or up to the limit of the number register, flooding to zero. When it achieves zero, it sends a hinder to the processor demonstrating that it has completed the process of tallying. This is valuable for gadgets, for example, indoor regulators, which intermittently test the temperature around them to check whether they have to turn the aeration and cooling system on, the radiator on, and so forth. 

A devoted Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) piece makes it workable for the CPU to control power converters, resistive burdens, engines, and so on., without utilizing loads of CPU assets as a part of tight clock circles. 

All inclusive Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) square makes it conceivable to get and transmit information over a serial line with almost no heap on the CPU. Committed on-chip equipment additionally frequently incorporates abilities to speak with different gadgets (chips) in advanced organizations, for example, I²c and Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

Integrasi Microcontroller

Integrasi Microcontroller

Micro-controllers may not execute an outside location or information transport as they coordinate RAM and non-unpredictable memory on the same chip as the CPU. Utilizing less sticks, the chip can be put in a much more diminutive, less expensive bundle. 

Incorporating the memory and different peripherals on a solitary chip and testing them as an issue expands the expense of that chip, however frequently brings about diminished net expense of the inserted framework as an issue. Regardless of the fact that the expense of a CPU that has incorporated peripherals is somewhat more than the expense of a CPU and outer peripherals, having less chips regularly permits a littler and less expensive circuit board, and diminishes the work needed to amass and test the circuit board, notwithstanding having a tendency to diminishing the deformity rate for the completed gathering. 

A micro-controller is a solitary coordinated circuit, usually with the accompanying gimmicks: 

• focal transforming unit - extending from little and basic 4-bit processors to complex 32- or 64-bit processors 
• unstable memory (RAM) for information stockpiling 
• ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for project and working parameter stockpiling 
• discrete include and yield bits, permitting control or location of the rationale condition of an individual bundle pin 
• serial information/yield, for example, serial ports (Uarts) 
• other serial interchanges interfaces like I²c, Serial Peripheral Interface and Controller Area Network for framework interconnect 
• peripherals, for example, clocks, occasion counters, PWM generators, and guard dog 
• clock generator - regularly an oscillator for a quartz timing gem, resonator or RC circuit 
• numerous incorporate simple to-computerized converters, some incorporate advanced to-simple converters 
• in-circuit programming and debugging backing 

This coordination radically decreases the quantity of chips and the measure of wiring and circuit board space that would be required to create comparable frameworks utilizing separate chips. Moreover, on low stick include gadgets specific, each one pin might interface to a few inside peripherals, with the pin capacity chose by programming. This permits a part to be utilized as a part of a more extensive assortment of uses than if pins had devoted capacities. 

Micro-controllers have ended up being exceptionally mainstream in inserted frameworks since their presentation in the 1970s. 

A few microcontrollers utilize a Harvard construction modeling: separate memory transports for guidelines and information, permitting gets to happen simultaneously. Where a Harvard construction modeling is utilized, direction words for the processor may be an alternate bit size than the length of interior memory and registers; for instance: 12-bit directions utilized with 8-bit information registers. 

The choice of which fringe to incorporate is frequently troublesome. The microcontroller merchants frequently exchange working frequencies and framework plan adaptability against time-to-market necessities from their clients and general lower framework cost. Makers need to adjust the need to minimize the chip size against extra usefulness. 

Microcontroller architectures shift generally. A few plans incorporate broadly useful microchip centers, with one or more ROM, RAM, or I/O capacities incorporated onto the bundle. Different outlines are reason assembled for control applications. A micro-controller guideline set generally has numerous directions proposed for bit-wise operations to make control programs more compact.[9] for instance, an universally useful processor may require a few guidelines to test a bit in a register and limb if the bit is situated, where a micro-controller could have a solitary direction to give that ordinarily obliged capacity

Programming Environments Microcontroller

Programming Environments Microcontroller

Microcontrollers were initially customized just in low level computing construct, however different abnormal state programming dialects are presently additionally in like manner utilization to target microcontrollers. These dialects are either outlined uncommonly for the reason, or variants of broadly useful dialects, for example, the C programming dialect. Compilers for broadly useful dialects will commonly have a few limitations and additionally improvements to better backing the exceptional qualities of microcontrollers. A few microcontrollers have situations to support creating certain sorts of uses. Microcontroller sellers frequently make devices unreservedly accessible to make it less demanding to receive their fittings. 

Numerous microcontrollers are quirky to the point that they successfully oblige their own particular non-standard lingos of C, for example, SDCC for the 8051, which avoid utilizing standard devices, (for example, code libraries or static examination apparatuses) actually for code disconnected to fittings characteristics. Mediators are regularly used to shroud such low level characteristics. 

Translator firmware is additionally accessible for a few microcontrollers. Case in point, BASIC on the early microcontrollers Intel 8052;[10] BASIC and FORTH on the Zilog Z8[11] and additionally some cutting edge gadgets. Ordinarily these mediators help intelligent programming. 

Test systems are accessible for a few microcontrollers. These permit a designer to examine what the conduct of the microcontroller and their project ought to be whether they were utilizing the real part. A test system will demonstrate the inner processor state furthermore that of the yields, and in addition permitting info signs to be produced. While from one perspective most test systems will be constrained from being not able to mimic much other equipment in a framework, they can practice conditions that may overall be difficult to repeat without restraint in the physical execution, and can be the fastest approach to debug and break down issues. 

Late microcontrollers are frequently incorporated with on-chip debug hardware that when gotten to by an in-circuit emulator by means of JTAG, permit debugging of the firmware with a debugger.

Microcontroller - Robotic

Microcontroller

A microcontroller (in some cases abridged µc, uc or MCU) is a little machine on a solitary coordinated circuit containing a processor center, memory, and programmable info/yield peripherals. Program memory as NOR glimmer or OTP ROM is likewise frequently included on chip, and in addition a commonly little measure of RAM. Microcontrollers are intended for inserted applications, as opposed to the chip utilized as a part of Pcs or other broadly useful applications. 

Microcontrollers are utilized as a part of consequently controlled items and gadgets, for example, auto motor control frameworks, implantable restorative gadgets, remote controls, office machines, apparatuses, force devices, toys and other installed frameworks. By lessening the size and expense contrasted with a plan that uses a different microchip, memory, and information/yield gadgets, microcontrollers make it sparing to digitally control significantly more gadgets and courses of action. Blended sign microcontrollers are basic, coordinating simple parts required to control non-computerized electronic frameworks. 

A few microcontrollers may utilize four-bit words and work at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 khz, for low power utilization (single-digit milliwatts or microwatts). They will by and large can hold usefulness while sitting tight for an occasion, for example, a catch press or other intrude on; force utilization while dozing (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be simply nanowatts, making a considerable lot of them appropriate for dependable battery applications. Different microcontrollers may serve execution discriminating parts, where they may need to act more like a computerized sign processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and force utilization

Prinsip Kerja sebuah Sound System

Prinsip Kerja sebuah Sound System

Prinsip kerja dari sebuah sound system biasanya yang terjadi dari sumber suara, sumber suara ini bisa berbagai macam. Bisa dari suara kita, atau suara benda, atau suara gitar atau suara drum atau apa pun. Untuk memudahkannya kita ambil suara vokal saja ya.
Dari sumber suara yaitu suara kita sendiri, kemudian akan ditangkap oleh yang namanya tranducer. Transducer ini adalah sebuah alat yang fungsinya adalah merubah dari satu gelombang tertentu ke gelombang yang lainnya. Dalam hal ini dari gelombang akustik ke gelombang elektrik, karena dirubah ke energi listrik.

Sumber suara --> Microphone -->Preamp-->Poweramp-->Speaker


Nah yang sederhananya seperti itu, nanti kalau ada penggunaan signal processor seperti misalnya compressor, limiter atau EQ, dia akan berada antara preamp dengan power amp. Sementara kalau penggunaan crossover pasive katakanlah dia akan berada setelah power amp.

Jadinya saya tiap hari nenteng sound system
Hand phone sound sytem juga kaaan...?

sumber :http://tutorialaudio.blogspot.com/2013/04/mengenal-prinsip-kerja-sound-system.html

I. Sumber Suara

Sumber bunyi semisal : alat musik (keyboard, guitar, drum). suara vocal manusia. dll yang bisa menghasilkan getaran suara yang bisa di dengar manusia saja. ribet kalau suaranya gak bisa didengar nanti. naah untuk selanjutnya biar ahlinya saja yang berkomentar

II. Microphone
Mikrofon (bahasa Inggris: microphone) adalah suatu jenis transduser yang mengubah energi-energi akustik (gelombang suara) menjadi sinyal listrik. Mikrofon merupakan salah satu alat untuk membantu komunikasi manusia. Mikrofon dipakai pada banyak alat seperti telepon, alat perekam, alat bantu dengar, dan pengudaraan radio serta televisi.


III. Pre Amp

Pre Amp merupakan sebuah penguat sinyal in put. Penguatan pre amp biasanya lebih kecil dari amplifier. di lain itu pre amp merupakan pengolah signal suara. Pengolaan signal suara pre amp meliputi middle, bass, dan lainnya.


IV. Power Amplifier

Power Amplifier adalah rangkaian komponen elektronika yang dipakai untuk menguatkan daya. Dalam bidang audio, amplifier akan menguatkan signal suara yaitu memperkuat signal arus (I) dan tegangan (V) listrik dari inputnya menjadi arus listrik dan tegangan yang lebih besar (daya lebih besar) di bagian outputnya. Besarnya penguatan ini sering dikenal dengan istilah gain. Nilai dari gain yang dinyatakan sebagai fungsi penguat frekuensi audio, gain power amplifier antara 20 kali sampai 100 kali dari signal input.
Sebuah penguat suara elektronik

Jadi gain merupakan hasil bagi dari daya di bagian output (Pout) dengan daya di bagian inputnya (Pin) dalam bentuk fungsi frekuensi. Ukuran dari gain, (G) ini biasanya memakai decibel (dB). Dalam bentuk rumus hal ini dinyatakan sebagai berikut:

G(dB)=10log(Pout/Pin)).

Pout adalah Power atau daya pada bagian output, dan Pin adalah daya pada bagian inputnya.

Dalam bagian rangkaian amplifier pada proses penguatan audio ini terbagi menjadi dua kelompok bagian penting yaitu bagian penguat signal tegangan (V) kebanyakan menggunakan susunan transistor darlington, dan bagian penguat arus susunannya transistor paralel dan masing-masing transisistor berdaya besar dan menggunakan sirip pendingin untuk membuang panas ke udara, sekarang ini banyak yang menggunakan transistor simetris komplementer.

V. Speaker

Pengeras suara (bahasa Inggris: loud speaker atau speaker) adalah transduser yang mengubah sinyal elektrik ke frekuensi audio (suara) dengan cara menggetarkan komponennya yang berbentuk membran untuk menggetarkan udara sehingga terjadilah gelombang suara sampai di kendang telinga kita dan dapat kita dengar sebagai suara.

Dalam setiap sistem penghasil suara (loud speaker), pengeras suara merupakan juga menentukan kualitas suara disamping juga peralatan pengolah suara sebelumnya yang masih berbentuk listrik dalam rangkaian penguat amplifier.

Sistem pada pengeras suara adalah suatu komponen yang meggubah kode sinyal elektronik terakhir menjadi gerakan mekanik. Dalam penyimpan suara pada kepingan CD, pita magnetik tape, dan kepingan DVD, dapat di reproduksi oleh pengeras suara loud speaker yang dapat kita dengar.

Struktur Baterai Accu (Aki) / Akumulator

Battery Accu

Kita pasti sudah tidak asing lagi dengan Batteray Accu atau yang lebih akrab disebur aki. Sudah tau kah apa itu accu atau aki.

Akumulator (accu, aki) adalah sebuah alat yang menyimpan energi (umumnya energi listrik) dalam bentuk energi kimia. Contoh-contoh akumulator adalah baterai dan kapasitor. Pada umumnya di Indonesia, kata akumulator (sebagai aki atau accu) hanya dimengerti sebagai “baterai” mobil. Sedangakan di bahasa Inggris, kata akumulator dapat mengacu kepada baterai, kapasitor, kompulsator, dan lain-lain.

Gambar Accu

Di dalam standart internasional setiap satu sel akumulator memiliki tegangan sebesar dua volt. Sehingga aki 12 volt, memiliki enam sel sedangkan aki 24 volt memiliki 12 sel. Aki merupakan sel yang banyak kita jumpai karena banyak digunakan pada sepeda motor maupun mobil. Aki termasuk sel sekunder, karena selain menghasilkan arus listrik, aki juga dapat diisi arus listrik kembali. Secara sederhana aki merupakan sel yang terdiri dari elektrode Pb sebagai anode dan Pb O2 sebagai katode dengan elektrolit H2SO4.

Struktur pada Accu

Cara kerja Akumulator

Saat mengeluarkan arus, oksigen pada pelat positif terlepas karena bereaksi/bersenyawa/bergabung dengan hidrogen pada cairan elektolit yang secara perlahan-lahan keduanya bergabung/berubah manjadi air. Asam (SO4) pada cairan elektrolit bergabung dengan timah (Pb) di pelat positif maupun negatif sehingga menempel dikedua pelat tersebut. Reaksi ini akan berlangsung terus samapai isi (tenaga habis) alias dalam keadaan discharge. Pada saat baterai dalam keadaan discharge maka hampir semua asam melekat pada pelat-pelat dalam sel sehingga cairan elektolit konsentrasinya sangat rendah dan hampir terdiri dari air, akibatnya berat jenis cairan menurun menjadi sekitar 1,1 kg/dm3 dan ini mendekati berat jenis air 1 kg/dm3. Sedangkan baterai yang berkapasitas penuh berat jenisnya 1,285 kg/dm3. Dengan perbedaan berat jenis inilah kapasitas isi baterai bisa diketahui masih penuh atau sudah berkurang menggunakan alat hidrometer. Hidrometer ini merupakan alat yang wajib ada di bengkel aki (bengkel yang menyediakan jasa setrum/cas aki). Selain itu pada saat baterai dalam keadaan discharge maka 85% cairan elektolit terdiri dari air dimana air bisa membeku, bak baterai pecah dan pelat-pelat menjadi rusak.

Air memilik berat jenis 1 kg/dm3 (1 kg/1000 cm3 atau 1 liter) dan asam sulfat memiliki berat jenis 1,285 kg/dm3 pada suhu 20 derajat celcius. Kg = kilogram dm3 = decimeterkubik = litercm3 = centimeter kubik/cc 1dm = 1 liter = 1000cm3 = 1000cc.

            Saat baterai menerima arus, baterai yang menerima arus adalah baterai yang disetrum sedang diisi dengan cara dialirkan listrik DC, dimana kutub positif battery dihubungkan dengan sumber listrik positif dan kutub negatif battery dihubungkan dengan sumber listrik negatif. Tegangan yang dialiri biasanya sama dengan tegangan total yang dimiliki baterai, artinya baterai 12V dialiri tegangan 12V DC, baterai 6V dialiri tegangan 6V DC dan baterai 12V yang dihubungkan secara seri menjadi 24V dialiri tegangan 24V DC. Hal ini bisa ditemukan di bengkel aki dimana ada beberapa baterai yang dihubungkan secara seri dan semuanya disetrum sekaligus. Konsekuensinya, proses penerimaan arus ini berlawanan dengan proses pengeluaran.